# (77) Fireside Chat: Sam Altman×Vinod Khosla and AMA at IIT Delhi | 20 February 2026 - YouTube
- Transcript ID: `iiv9q73yuxi`
- Source tier: `youtube_auto`
- Original language: `en_or_source_language_unlabeled`
- Translation status: `agent_translated_reviewed` (99/99 chunks)
- Original source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiV9q73YUxI
- Raw evidence: `data/transcripts/youtube/IiV9q73YUxI.json`
> 中文是派生翻译，英文是留存的源文本。中文未复核时，以英文和原始音视频为准。
## 00:00:03
**中文**
今天能成为 IIT Delhi 社群的一员，真是令人振奋。各位，再次用热烈掌声欢迎我们的嘉宾！人们常说，预测未来的最佳方式就是创造未来。今天，我们请到了两位来自不同世代的中流砥柱；他们都曾亲手建设未来，因而预见了世界的未来。第一位嘉宾的名字在这些墙内有着深刻共鸣。他不仅是全球科技界的标志性人物，也是我们自己的校友。20 世纪 80 年代初，他共同创办了 Sun Microsystems，这家公司——
**English / Original**
What an amazing day this is to be a part of the IIT Delhi community. Let's have another huge round of applause for our guest, guys. Come on. They say the best way to predict the future is by inventing it. And today, we have two stalwarts from different generations who have each foreseen the future for the world by building it themselves. Our first guest is a name that resonates deeply within these walls. He's not just a global icon, but he's also our very own alumni. In the early '80s, he co-founded Sun Microsystems, a company
## 00:00:44
**中文**
——从根本上重塑了硅谷的格局。在计算仍然封闭、专有的年代，他倡导开放系统。他的愿景催生了为早期互联网提供动力的工作站，也促成了 Java 的诞生。后来，他创立了 Khosla Ventures，并始终支持那些旨在解决社会最重大问题的构想。
**English / Original**
that fundamentally revamped the structure of Silicon Valley. At a time when computing was closed and proprietary, he championed open systems. His vision led to workstations that powered the early internet and the creation of Java. Later, he founded Khosla Ventures. He has consistently backed ideas that aim to solve the society's largest problems.
## 00:01:05
**中文**
从清洁能源到数字技术，他广泛投资，并成为 OpenAI 的首位机构投资者。女士们、先生们，让我们再次以热烈掌声欢迎 Vinod Khosla 先生。与他同台的，是当今科技界可以说最具影响力的人物。他正引领历史上最强大 AI 模型的开发。作为 OpenAI 首席执行官，他开启了生成式 AI 时代，改变了世界与信息、创造力乃至智能本身互动的方式。让我们以热烈掌声欢迎 Sam Altman 先生。
**English / Original**
From clean energy to digital tech, and as the first institutional investor in OpenAI, ladies and gentlemen, let's have another huge round of applause for Mr. Vinod Khosla. With him, we have arguably the most influential person in technology right now. Steering the development of the most powerful AI models in history. As the CEO of OpenAI, he has kicked off the generative AI era, changing how the world interacts with the information, creativity, and intelligence itself. A huge round of applause for Mr. Sam Altman.
## 00:01:49
**中文**
为正式欢迎各位尊贵嘉宾，并说明这场历史性活动的背景，我现在邀请 IIT Delhi 校长 Rangan Banerjee 教授上台。早上好。很高兴看到这么多人来到这里。当我们得知 Sam Altman 先生和 Vinod Khosla 先生将到访时，很快便意识到 Dogra Hall 根本容纳不下大家。
**English / Original**
To formally welcome our distinguished guests and set the context for this historic event, I would now like to call upon the stage the director of IIT Delhi, Professor Rangan Banerjee. Good morning. So nice to see so many of you here. And when it was known that Mr. Sam Altman and Vinod Khosla are going to come here, we quickly realized that the Dogra Hall is not going to be enough.
## 00:02:19
**中文**
在座各位其实非常幸运。仅仅为了容纳 IIT Delhi 校内所有报名者，我们就需要两个 Dogra Hall。现在正值期中考试，我不知道有多少人为了来这里而缺考。听说还有人把两小时的考试用一小时做完，然后赶到了现场。
**English / Original**
And all of you are actually privileged. We could have two Dogra Halls here if we wanted to fit in all those who had registered from IIT Delhi itself. Uh we have the minor exams going on. I don't know how many of you have skipped the minor exams to come here. And I was told some people have finished the 2-hour exam in an hour and come down here.
## 00:02:46
**中文**
有多少人来自 IIT 之外？请举手。很好。我们也希望各位下周来参加学生科技活动 Tryst。我想借此机会谈谈：作为高等教育机构，IIT Delhi 面对 AI，既迎来了机遇，也遇到了挑战。我们必须弄清楚，怎样培养即将进入职场的下一代人才。
**English / Original**
How many of you are from outside IIT? Please raise your hands. Excellent. Uh so, we hope that all of you would also come for our student tech event, Tryst, on next week. I'd like to just take this opportunity to say that as a higher educational institute, IIT Delhi, AI provides an opportunity, but also a challenge. And we need to figure out how we train the future generation of people who are going into the workforce.
## 00:03:27
**中文**
为此，我们成立了一个由教师、学生和员工组成的委员会，研究如何整合负责任的 AI，以及教师和学生应当如何合乎伦理地使用 AI。这场讨论仍在继续。我们还设有专门的人工智能学院，以及机器智能与数据科学 MTech 项目。
**English / Original**
Uh Towards this, we created a committee of faculty members, students, and staff to look at how do we integrate responsible AI, and what is what is ethical use of AI by faculty, by students. Uh and this is an ongoing conversation. Uh Uh, we have again through uh we have a dedicated school of AI. We have a MTech program in machine intelligence and data sciences.
## 00:04:03
**中文**
我们有博士项目。今年，我们还将在 Abu Dhabi 校区开设机器智能与数据科学 MTech 项目。去年进行课程审查时，我们确保学院每一名学生都能通过课程接触 AI；AI 与可持续发展也是这次课程审查的特色之一。我就不再展开了，因为我们都想听 Sam Altman 先生和——
**English / Original**
We have a PhD program. We've also setting up this year we'll be starting the MTech program in machine intelligence and data sciences in our Abu Dhabi campus. We did a curriculum review last year and in that curriculum review we we ensured that every student of the institute has exposure to AI in terms of courses, AI and sustainability. This was one of the features of the curriculum review. I'm not going to go on about this because I we want to hear Mr. Sam Altman and Mr.
## 00:04:39
**中文**
——Vinod Khosla 先生发言。我只举一个例子：我们与部落事务部共同开发了 Adivani 工具，覆盖 Santhali、Bhili、Mundari 等四种部落语言。我们希望借助 AI 服务那些目前还无法获得这类内容的社群。
**English / Original**
Vinod Khosla. I just like to say that just give you one example. Uh, we la- we with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs we developed a tool called Adivani which are in four tribal languages, Santhali, Bhili, Mundari, and others where we are looking at AI for the community in communities which currently do not have access to this kind of content.
## 00:05:10
**中文**
我们正在探索多种方式，也很高兴即将与 OpenAI 建立合作伙伴关系。我们希望学生和教师既能与 OpenAI 这样的公司合作，也能接触主权 AI 模型，共同开发和创造负责任的 AI，真正改善人们的生活。
**English / Original**
Uh, we are looking at ways and we we are delighted that we are entering into a partnership with OpenAI. We are looking at ways where our students and our faculty will engage with both companies like OpenAI as well as with sovereign AI models so that we can co-develop and create responsible AI which makes a difference in people's lives.
## 00:05:42
**中文**
我们非常高兴 Sam Altman 先生来到这里。他在思考 AI 和生成式 AI 时一直走在时代前沿。我们也很高兴迎来自己人 Vinod Khosla 先生；他同样始终领先一步。大约在 1971 至 1976 年求学期间，他建立了 IIT 系统最早的一批计算机实验室之一。
**English / Original**
I'd like to say that we are delighted to have Mr. Sam Altman here. He's a person who's been ahead of the curve in terms of thinking on AI and generative AI. We are also delighted to have with us one of our own, Mr. Vinod Khosla, who has always been ahead of the curve and as a student here, I think 1971 to 1976, during that time, he set up one of the first computer laboratories in the IIT system.
## 00:06:17
**中文**
所以他当年就已经走在前面。2004 年左右，他向学院捐资设立以其父母命名的信息技术学院时，同样具有远见。IIT Delhi 如今已有 65 年历史，正在重新构想自己的未来；我们希望继续走在教育前沿。
**English / Original**
And so he was ahead of the curve at that time. He was also ahead of the curve when he, in 2004, I think, he donated to our institute for setting up the school of IT, which is named after his parents. And we at IIT Delhi are now a 65-year-old institution, and we are in the process of reimagining our future. We want to be ahead of the curve in education.
## 00:06:53
**中文**
我们正在规划“IIT Delhi 2035”，并着手改造基础设施、向垂直空间发展。在这一重新构想过程中，我们希望获得 Khosla 先生在理念上的支持。最后我只想说，我和各位一样，都非常期待接下来的对话。非常感谢。
**English / Original**
We are looking at IIT Delhi 2035. We are looking at changing our infrastructure. We are going vertical, and we would we are hoping to have Mr. Khosla's support in form of ideas as we do this reimagination. So, with these few words, I'd like to just say that like all of you, I'm looking forward to this conversation. Thank you so much.
## 00:07:19
**中文**
谢谢。现在有请 Vinod Khosla 先生和 Sam Altman 先生上台。我们从哪里谈起？希望有人提醒我们控制时间。Sam，我总是很高兴看到这么多年轻人，也许你可以先谈谈在这里的观察。——好的。这次印度之行非常精彩，今天还有许多令人兴奋的安排，但这是整趟旅程中我最期待的一场活动。看到世界各地年轻人正在做的事情，尤其是——
**English / Original**
Thank you. I'd like to call upon the stage Mr. Vinod Khosla and Mr. Sam Altman. Where should we start? Hopefully, somebody will keep us honest on time. Sam, maybe first I'm always excited to see so many young people. So, maybe you can talk about your observations here. Yeah. Uh This has been a wonderful trip uh to India for me, and I have a lot more exciting stuff today, but this is the thing I've been most looking forward to of the entire trip. Uh watching what's happening with young people around the world. Uh especially
## 00:08:02
**中文**
——印度年轻人以惊人的能量运用 AI 进行建设：即将出现或已经出现的新创公司、将被创造的新产品与服务，以及大家对 AI 的全面拥抱，都令人振奋。人们渴望把这种行动力、能量和速度带向未来，实在太棒了。我不知道你怎么想，但在我的一生中，这可能是年轻人所能成就之事的版图发生过的最大变化。
**English / Original**
in India, though, building with incredible energy with AI. Uh the new startups that are going to happen or already happening, the the new products and services that are going to get created, the just total embrace of AI. And the the excitement and the desire to bring all of this agency and energy and you know speed to the future is awesome. Um I I don't know about you, but I don't know, but I think this is the biggest shift that has happened in the landscape of what a young person can accomplish in my entire life. Yeah.
## 00:08:35
**中文**
看到这一切确实令人惊叹，人们正在做的事情不可思议。2047 年是印度独立 100 周年。我无法想象，到那一天会发生多么巨大的变化，或许远超任何人的预期。试想 2047 年的印度会是什么样子。我们没有预设问题，只想进行一场对话。我的意思是，未来将取决于在座各位做什么。你们进入成年时将与超级智能共处。
**English / Original**
Uh it's totally amazing to see, and watching what people are doing is just incredible. India has its 100th anniversary of independence in 2047. And I can't imagine a larger shift by that day than anybody would imagine. So, imagine 2047 and what India might be like by then. We haven't wrapped our question. We just wanted to have a conversation. I mean, it's it's going to depend what all of these people do. Uh you all will enter adulthood um with super intelligence.
## 00:09:14
**中文**
这会极大改变世界，但也是难以置信的机会。我有一个一岁的孩子。他永远不会经历自己比计算机更聪明的世界；他出生得正是时候，在纯粹智能上从来都不可能跑赢计算机。对他而言，那会是再正常不过的生活；对我们而言则需要大幅适应。对你们来说有一点陌生，但你们对此很兴奋。如今人们借助 GPU 所能完成的事情，将成为世界创造新价值的方式。
**English / Original**
And that's going to change things a lot, but that is an incredible opportunity. Uh I have a 1-year-old kid. Uh and he is never going to know a world where he was smarter than a computer. Ever. He was born just at the right time to never outrun a computer uh in raw intelligence. And you know, for him it'll be totally normal life. For us, it's a big adaptation. For you all, it's like a little strange, but you know, you're excited about it. What people can do with GPUs now, um will be the way that new value gets created in the world.
## 00:09:54
**中文**
我不知道它最终会是什么样，Vinod 也不知道。我们有一些高层次猜测，但把这些能力变成一家家卓越新公司的，不会是我们，而是其他建设者。我们都看好的例子包括：教育显然会彻底改变，医疗显然会彻底改变，工作的含义也会彻底改变。
**English / Original**
Uh so, I don't know what that's going to look like. Um the node doesn't know what that's going to look like. We got a bunch of high-level guesses, but we're not going to be the ones that build that into uh uh all of these incredible new companies that people will do with that. Um examples that we both like are education is clearly going to totally change. Health care is clearly totally going to change. What it means to do work is going to totally change.
## 00:10:18
**中文**
公司也许只需要几个人和一座巨型数据中心，就能创造出惊人的新价值。随着机器人自动化越来越多的制造环节，体力工作的含义将发生改变；科学发现的方式当然也会改变。全球经济价值的增长率与生活质量的提升都会变化。OpenAI 最近有位同事说了一句话，让我久久难忘：我们已经形成了许多本能、制度、政策和结构，用来应对一个稀缺的世界。
**English / Original**
Companies may be a few people and a giant data center and build incredible new kinds of value. Um what it means to do physical work will change as robots can automate more and more manufacturing. Certainly, what it means to discover science is going to change. The growth rate of economic value in the world, uh the increase in quality of life, a quote that someone from OpenAI said to me recently that has really stuck with me is we built up a lot of instincts and institutions, policies, uh structure to deal with a world of scarcity.
## 00:10:54
**中文**
但这些东西几乎都无法很好地适用于丰裕世界。除了建设这些新型公司、产品和服务，社会本身也必须针对一个极度丰裕的世界重新设计。你对此思考了很多。——是的，我花了很多时间思考。我们来问一些实际问题。经济学家如今会为每个国家给出 15 年和 25 年预测；你认为 GDP 增速会翻倍，甚至不止翻倍吗？
**English / Original**
But almost none of that applies well to a world of abundance. And in addition to building all of these new kinds of companies, uh and products and services, society is going to have to get reimagined for this world of incredible abundance. You've thought about this a lot. Yeah, I've spent a lot of time. Let's ask some practical questions. You think GDP rates from whatever is projected by economists today, and every country has its 15- and 25-year forecasts.
## 00:11:20
**中文**
会发生什么？——我认为 GDP 最终会成为一个很糟糕的指标，因为 AI 的通缩效应非常强。我们真正想衡量的、也是 GDP 原本试图近似反映的，是生活质量。——是的。——生活质量……——严格来说，GDP 定义的是商品与服务，但它以美元衡量；而货币本身将会变成完全不同的东西。
**English / Original**
Do you think they'd more double, more than double? What happens? I think GDP is going to turn out to be a terrible metric, um because AI is so deflationary. What we what we want to measure, and I think what GDP is meant to approximate, is sort of quality of life. Yeah. And quality of life >> Technically, it's a definition of goods and services, but it's measured in dollars, which is money will be a whole different thing.
## 00:11:46
**中文**
——是的。因此，如果用一个恰当指标衡量 GDP 真正想近似表达的东西，其增长率肯定会超过翻倍。至于按名义美元计量的 GDP，情况可能会变得很难说。其实我想问个古怪的问题：再过五年，利率会是 -2% 还是 20%？——我认为到 2035 年，经济肯定会出现巨大通缩，而世界目前根本没有在思考这一点。
**English / Original**
>> Yeah. So, I think a proper metric of what GDP is trying to approximate, will growth rate will more than double, for sure. Um GDP measured in nominal dollars, that probably gets kind of squirrely. Actually, to ask you a weird question. Uh interest rates in 5 more years, -2% or 20%? Um I think by 2035, for sure, we will have a hugely deflationary economy that the world isn't thinking about.
## 00:12:16
**中文**
这很有意思，因为 Google 刚刚发行了 100 年期债券。我说：“到 2035 年，你应该持有所有这些债券，因为世界会变得高度通缩，很难想象届时还有人会假装情况不是如此。”这体现了一点：世界还不知道变化会有多大，仍然一切照旧。我想你们有位工程师写过一篇很出色的宣言。
**English / Original**
It's interesting because uh Google just issued 100-year bonds, and I said, "By 2035, you should own all those bonds, because the world will be so deflationary, that it's hard to imagine anybody pretending." And this is sort of this notion of uh you know, the world doesn't yet know how large the change is, and they're going on as business as usual. Uh I think uh one of your engineers wrote a great manifesto.
## 00:12:51
**中文**
能谈谈吗？——哪篇宣言？我们的人写过好几篇。——名字我刚才在交谈中还提到过。大意是世界根本不知道正在发生什么，也不了解变化的规模。我马上就能想起来。——我认为，即使是从事 AI 的人，对变化的规模也有些摸不着头脑。Codex 就是一个例子。顺便说，Codex 在印度的增长速度快于世界其他任何地方，用户主要是年轻人。Codex 让所有人的直觉都受到冲击：即便理智上早已明白，情感上仍然猝不及防。OpenAI 内部有大量——
**English / Original**
Um Can you talk about that a little bit? Which manifesto? Uh uh People do a few of these. >> the name. I just mentioned it earlier in the conversation. The uh essentially that the world is clueless about what's going on, and the magnitude of the change. It'll come to me in just a second. >> I think even people who work in AI, we feel a little bit clueless about the magnitude of the change. Codex is an example. Uh by the way, Codex is growing in India faster than anywhere in the world, uh and mostly with young people. But Codex is an example of where everyone's intuitions, even though we knew this intellectually, emotionally we were all hit by it. Um we have like lots
## 00:13:33
**中文**
——Codex 使用权限；工程师意味着什么、研究员意味着什么，都在极短时间里发生了巨大变化。这会在整个经济中一再发生。如果你像我一样相信，经济和生活逐年改善的首要驱动力是科学发现，第二重要的是围绕科学发现建立、把新能力带入现实世界的经济引擎，那么这两件事将同时实现自动化。我们将自动化科学进步，也将自动化整个经济。想想这真正意味着什么——
**English / Original**
of Kodak's access inside of OpenAI and what it means to be an engineer, what it means to be a researcher, changed so much so quickly. That I That is just going to happen again and again throughout the economy. Uh and if you believe, which I do, that the the top-level driver of the economy and of life getting better and better every year is scientific discovery and then the second most important thing is the economic engine around that that brings these new capabilities out into the world. And both of those are going to get automated at the same time. We're going to automate scientific progress. We're going to automate the whole economy. And you think about what that
## 00:14:15
**中文**
——如果这些事情能够以我们凭自身能力所能达到的 10 倍、100 倍速度发生。人类的演化并没有赋予我们理解这种增长率与复利效应的直觉。所以我不知道答案。——如果你重新回到这里当学生，明天会做什么？——我认真想过很多。我的基本框架是：设想 15 年后至少会发生多大变化。
**English / Original**
really would mean if these things can happen 10 times faster, 100 times faster than we've been able to do it on our own. We were not We did not evolve to have intuitions about that kind of a growth rate and that kind of compounding. So, I don't know. But if you were back here as a student, what would you do tomorrow? No, I've I've thought about it a lot. So, the way I frame the minimum level of change to imagine 15 years from now.
## 00:14:44
**中文**
设想 2040 年。我认为从现在到 2040 年生活的变化幅度，将等同于从 1970 年到今天的变化幅度；而且我认为，这个判断仍然过于保守。——对，我也觉得太保守。——这就是变化的量级。人们会问我：“那我们该做什么？”
**English / Original**
So, imagine 2040. Uh I have to say I imagine life uh the delta being the same between now and 2014 uh 2040 as it is between today and 1970. So, look back at technology in 1970. That's my assumption about delta and I think that's too conservative a notion. Cuz I think that's too conservative. Yeah. So, that's the magnitude of change in in People ask me, "So, what should we do?"
## 00:15:21
**中文**
我会说：“学会极其快速地学习。”你的专业领域并不重要；无论你是电气工程师还是机械工程师，大体都会变得无关紧要。事实上，我在病床边把医生吓了一跳，因为我说：“哪怕到 2030 年，你现在所学的一切都不会再有用。”等一年级学生毕业时，你们学过的任何东西，AI 都会掌握得更好。Sam，我不知道你是否同意。
**English / Original**
I say, "Learn to learn really, really fast. Like your area of expertise doesn't matter. Whether you're an electrical engineer or mechanical engineer is largely going to be irrelevant. In fact, I scared the doctor on the bed saying, "Nothing you learn will be relevant even in 2030." But but when the first-year students graduate, you won't have learned anything uh that the AI doesn't know better. I know Sam if you agree with me or not.
## 00:15:54
**中文**
你不会比 AI 更精通任何技术领域。你也许能更好地理解人们想要什么，更懂得如何与人互动、激励他人，如何提出有创意的想法、迅速适应并创造价值。但是，是的，你学会的任何技术技能，AI 都会做得更好。
**English / Original**
You won't know any technical field better. Uh you may understand better what people wants. Uh you may understand much better how to interact with people, motivate people, uh how to come up with creative ideas, how to sort of adapt quickly, create value. Um but yeah, any any technical skill that you learn the AI will be better at.
## 00:16:19
**中文**
但这些东西依然值得学习。最近有人问我：“毕业时还需要学编程吗？AI 显然已经比我更会编程了。”答案不是“完全没必要”。我也从不后悔学过数学；成年后我从没实际使用数学，但学习如何思考、如何迅速学习，都是宝贵的训练。真正重要的是这些元技能。要说有哪项具体技能值得有把握地推荐：我上学时，学编程是显而易见的选择；现在，显而易见的是学会使用这些工具。
**English / Original**
Uh it's still worth learning. You know, like someone asked me recently, "Do I have to graduate learning to program?" Um because you know, clearly the AI is better programmer than me. No. The And the answer is uh not at all. I also don't regret learning math. You know, I never use math as an adult. Uh learning how to think, learning how to learn quickly. This was all a valuable skill, but it it was all of the meta skills that matter. Um I mean, the one the one thing that I think we could say with confidence of a specific skill to learn is when I was in school learning to program was the obvious thing. Now learning to use these tools is the obvious thing.
## 00:16:56
**中文**
如果你始终尽可能站在前沿，就会随着每一代新工具培养出一种熟练度；这似乎非常有价值。假如你是一名大学生，你认为什么最重要？当他们掌握的技术知识不再重要时，什么还会重要？AI 可以相当轻松地完成结构工程师的工作。
**English / Original**
And the fluency that people pick up with each new generation, if you sort of are pushing as much as possible on the edge, that that seems very valuable. If you're a college student, what do you think matters the most? What's What will matter when the technical knowledge they have doesn't matter? An an engineer can do a structural engineer's job quite easily.
## 00:17:21
**中文**
顺便说，我们如今正在构建结构工程师、芯片设计师和电气工程师智能体，它们将被广泛使用。那么，你认为什么最重要？——虽然刚才已经说过，但我再怎么强调保持在工具前沿的重要性都不为过。我预计进步还会加速。因此要不断建设项目，只为弄清楚什么将变得可能；从现在起，可能性的边界每隔几个月就会迅速扩张。这一点真的很重要。我希望大学当年曾开设一门——
**English / Original**
And by the way, we're building both structural engineers, chip designers, uh and um electrical engineers today. That'll be used pervasively everywhere. So, what do you think matters? Well, I know I just said this, but I I can't emphasize enough how important I think it is to stay on the forefront of the tools. I expect that to be a company I'm going to accelerate. Uh so, building projects all the time just to just figure out what what's going to be possible, and it's going to rapidly increase every couple of months from now now on. That that really matters. Um the class that I wish my college had
## 00:18:03
**中文**
——这样的课程。Y Combinator 的格言是“做出人们想要的东西”。我认为 21 年来，它一直是任何投资者最好的格言。我希望学校教过这门课，因为弄清人们想要什么是一项可以学习的技能。在一个几乎能让任何事情发生的世界里，这会愈发重要。提出好想法似乎和其他技能一样，可以通过刻意练习而改善，因此十分重要。
**English / Original**
offered, um the the motto of Y Combinator is make something people want, and it is, I think, for 20 one years now, been like the best motto of any investor. Um and I wish my school had offered a class on that because I think that is a learnable skill, figuring that out, and that's going to be ever more important in a world where in a world where you can sort of make anything happen, figuring out how to get good ideas, which like anything else, deliberate practice seems to improve. Uh that seems to matter a lot.
## 00:18:41
**中文**
——我的个人观点是，最重要的是学习好奇心和行动力。你能谈谈自己是否赞同并作些展开吗？——我完全赞同。行动力同样可以后天习得。世界往往会逐渐磨掉你的行动力，所以你必须抵抗这种趋势，继续相信自己能够弄清任何问题、促成任何事情。做成的次数越多，自信就越强。许多人到职业生涯后期才学到这一点；像其他能力一样，越早学会越有价值。
**English / Original**
Yeah, so my personal view, what's most important to learn is curiosity and agency. Can you just tell me if you agree, disagree, elaborate on that? I totally agree. Uh I think agency is also a learnable skill. Um the world kind of beats it out of you, so you have to you have to like resist and continue to believe that you can sort of figure out anything and make anything happen, and the more times you do it, the more self-belief you develop. Um many people learn this late in their careers. It is super valuable to learn early like other things.
## 00:19:19
**中文**
你只需要开始，并坚持做下去，就会逐渐建立信心。而行动力带来的回报显然从未像今天这么高。很长时间以来，我们一直谈论一个人借助 AI 能够完成什么；如今终于亲眼看到了。一个有干劲、有想法、有意志力的人，可以促成不可思议的事情。
**English / Original**
You just have to start and you have to keep doing it and you'll develop confidence in it. But the the returns on agency it clearly have never been higher. You know, we've talked for a long time about what one person is going to be able to do with AI. We're finally seeing it now. Um a single person with drive and an idea and willpower um can make incredible things happen.
## 00:19:41
**中文**
从某种意义上说，我整个职业生涯最重要的心得是：如果你的想法是对的，无论它多么不受欢迎——事实上，不受欢迎往往更好，因为没有别人与你竞争——只要你长期坚定不移地坚持，并在每次受挫后都不失热情地逐一清除障碍，就能成就惊人的事情。OpenAI 的故事当然就是如此。如今它显然看起来是个好主意，但刚成立时简直疯狂：只是一群人坐在房间里，靠意志力和“不管怎样都要做成”的态度向前推进。而且——
**English / Original**
And in some sense the most important learning of my entire career has been that if you are right on the idea no matter how unpopular it is. In fact, it's often better to be unpopular because you have no one else you're competing with doing it and you stick with unwavering conviction over a long time and you just knock down obstacle after obstacle with no loss of enthusiasm between each setback. Uh you can accomplish amazing things. This was certainly the story of OpenAI. Um now it obviously looks like a great thing, but when we started it seemed totally crazy and it was just like a bunch of us were in a room with force of will and sort of the attitude that we were going to do it no matter what. And
## 00:20:22
**中文**
——即使在 OpenAI 最初四五年里，它仍然看起来像个非常糟糕的主意。顺便谢谢你相信它。我们在职业生涯早期培养出的行动力——我希望我们能更早拥有它——对把这件事做成至关重要。——是的，刚才大家听到了几句格言。其中一句是：“预测未来的最佳方式就是创造未来。”
**English / Original**
then even the first like four or five years of OpenAI, it was sort of it seemed like a very bad idea. Thank you for believing in it by the way. Um and the agency that we had all developed earlier in our careers, which I wish we had developed even earlier, was critical to making it happen. Yeah, I I would say you heard a couple of quotes. Uh I think one said yeah, the the best way to predict the future is to invent it.
## 00:20:50
**中文**
我还会在后面加一句。那句话出自 Alan Kay；我会说：“创造你想要的未来。”因为如今这样做比以往任何时候都更可行。关键在于行动力。让你想要的世界成为现实，这种可能性其实一直存在。校长提到，我曾是四名学生之一，我们在 IIT Delhi 创建了第一个计算机编程俱乐部；那也是所有 IIT 中第一个此类俱乐部。以前从未有过，但我们想要，于是就把它做成了。20 世纪 70 年代，我还和 Guha 教授共同启动了生物医学工程项目。另一方面，当时我是电气——
**English / Original**
I go on to add to it. That was Alan Kay who said that and I say invent the future you want because now more than ever that's possible. The key is agency and it's always been available where you can make the world you want happen. The director said I was part of four students who started the first computer programming club at IIT Delhi, which was any programming in any IIT and they had never existed. We just wanted it, so we made it happen. Um I also with Professor Guha here in 1970s started the biomedical engineering program, which is the other side, which is I got curious as a electrical
## 00:21:33
**中文**
——工程专业学生，却对人体中的电现象产生好奇，并说服 Guha 教授与全印度医学科学研究所合作，开设了印度第一个生物医学项目。我举这个例子是想说明：我当时只有 16 或 17 岁，只要你真心想做，就能促成任何事情；这就是行动力。当技术和工具让几乎一切皆有可能时，行动力才是最重要的。保持学习的好奇心、永远站在前沿，再以行动力促成你想要的世界——创业从未有过如此好的机会。我对我们投资的一家小公司非常兴奋——
**English / Original**
engineer about electrical phenomena in the body and convinced Professor Guha to start the first biomedical program anywhere in India with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences. I give that as example of I was 16 or 17. You can make anything happen if you want to, and that's what agency is about. And when technology and tools make almost anything possible, agency is what matters. Curiosity for learning and always staying at the leading edge and agency to make the world happen, there's never been an opportunity to do startups. I'm very excited by this little company we
## 00:22:14
**中文**
——几个月前他们来找我。Emergent 在七八月推出产品，上周给我打电话，说只用八个月，年度经常性收入（ARR）就突破了 1 亿美元。这是我见过的最快增长速度，甚至超过 Lovable、Replika 或其他此类公司。在座各位都拥有这样的机会。不知道你是否想作个结束评论。
**English / Original**
invested in that approached me a few months ago. Um Emergent launched a product in July or August. Last week they called me and said they'd exceeded a hundred million dollar ARR rate in eight months. The fastest I've seen anybody grow, even Lovable or Replika or any of those companies. Um so, that opportunity exists for all of you. I don't know if you want to do a finishing comment.
## 00:22:41
**中文**
——我实在说不出比这更好的话。这是一个特殊的时代，我认为这是有史以来开启职业生涯的最佳时机。机会确实不可思议。——最后再说一句我常引用的话。大多数人——尤其在印度——特别厌恶风险。Harvard Business School 有一个案例，开头引用了我的话：“正是我愿意失败，才让我能够成功。”所以我真的鼓励各位勇于冒险。
**English / Original**
Uh I can't really say anything better than that. Uh this is like a special time. Like I I this is I think the best time ever to be starting off careers. Uh And yeah, the opportunity is incredible. Yeah. I'll finish by last quote I have. Uh most people, especially in India, are especially averse to risk. There's a Harvard Business School where the case that starts with a quote from me saying my willingness to succeed fail allows me to succeed. So, I really encourage all of you to go be risk-taking.
## 00:23:18
**中文**
机会如此之多，要充分利用它。利用好工具、好奇心、行动力、冒险精神，再加上坚持不懈，因为道路从来不会简单或平坦。你必须熬过艰难时期。谢谢。——我想我们的谈话到此结束。——好的。——各位，这是一场多么精彩的对话。
**English / Original**
There's so much opportunity to take advantage of it. Take advantage of tools, curiosity, um agency, risk-taking, and then persistence because the path is never simple or or smooth. So, you have to persist through the hard times. Thank you. I think there's uh we are at the end of our talk. >> Okay. Uh what a wonderful conversation, guys.
## 00:23:46
**中文**
一个月前，我们请来了 Sunita Williams 女士。对这些成就卓著、举足轻重的人物而言，学习仍然如此重要，我想这是今天给我们最令人谦逊的启示之一。现在我们开放学生提问环节。为此，我想邀请 OpenAI 印度区教育负责人 Raghav Gupta 先生上台。他目前负责与学术机构建立合作伙伴关系，确保 AI 以负责任的方式融入各个领域。
**English / Original**
We had Ms. Sunita Williams a month back, and the idea that learning is such an important thing for for such huge personas, for such huge stalwarts. I think that is one of the most humbling things we learn here today. Uh now, we'd like to open up the floor uh for students to ask their own questions. For this, I'd like to invite on stage Mr. Raghav Gupta, the head of education for OpenAI in India. Uh he's currently leading leading partnerships with academic institutions, ensuring that AI is integrated responsibly across all dimensions.
## 00:24:19
**中文**
有请 Raghav 先生。——早上好。看到会场座无虚席，实在令人激动。Sam，我知道你这几天在印度行程很满，还有许多高层会议，但在我看来，这会是最令人兴奋的一场活动。你同意吗？——同意。我也想问问同学们：大家期待这场对话吗？再热烈一点。
**English / Original**
Mr. Raghav. Good morning. It's incredible seeing a packed hall. Um Sam, I know you have a packed few days in India, and there are many senior meetings, but to me, it seems like this is going to be the most exciting session. Would you Would you agree? >> I do. And I'd love to ask the students as well. Are you all excited for this conversation? Uh I mean, come on.
## 00:24:47
**中文**
还能更响亮。大家期待与 Sam 的这场对话吗？今天在场的是印度的一些年轻头脑，他们学习工程、计算机科学，也有人学习健康科学、管理、设计等专业。大家一共提交了 800 多个问题。我们无法全部回答，但我已经筛选出几个大主题，并会请同学们现场提问。
**English / Original**
Now, you We can do better. Are you all excited for this conversation with Sam? So, so we have some of India's uh young minds here and they're studying engineering, they're studying computer science. I think we have health sciences, management, design, and so on. Um I think you all sent us like 800 plus questions. We can't take all 800, but I've shortlisted the broad themes and we'll invite you to ask them live.
## 00:25:17
**中文**
我先简单开个头。Sam，你本周早些时候在《印度时报》发表了一篇文章。标题很好地概括了你的信息：AI 将定义印度的未来，而印度也将定义 AI 的未来。我知道你在 AI 峰会上看到了许多 AI 发展动态，能谈谈你的观感吗？
**English / Original**
Um I'll kick us off a little bit. Sam, you wrote this article in Times of India earlier this week. And the headline kind of captured your message very nicely where it said that um AI will define India's future and um India will define AI's future as well. And I know at the AI summit you've seen a lot of what's happening around development in AI. Would you like to talk a little bit about your impressions there?
## 00:25:43
**中文**
印度已经是我们的第二大市场，有 1 亿 ChatGPT 用户，其中三分之一是学生。这里是我们产品在全球增长最快的市场。长期来看，印度应该会成为我们最大的市场。比使用 ChatGPT 等产品更重要的是，印度的建设热情似乎比其他任何地方增长得都快。人们非常渴望创造全新的 AI 产品和服务，以及完全以 AI 为核心的新公司。
**English / Original**
India is already our second largest market. There's a 100 million ChatGPT users. A third of them are students. Fastest growing products market in the world. India should be our largest market over time. More than just usage of products like ChatGPT, the the building energy in India seems like it is growing faster than anywhere else. The desire to really create new kinds of products and services, brand new companies that are all about AI.
## 00:26:09
**中文**
这一切令人惊叹，所以很高兴来到这里。——太好了。接下来请学生现场提问。第一位好像是来自 IIT Delhi 的 Mukund，我们就从他开始。——Sam 你好，我是 IIT Delhi 数学系的 Mukund，目前是本硕连读项目最后一年学生。我的问题是：你曾谈到智能将成为廉价的公共资源，但我们看到专门的高推理模型被置于付费订阅之后。你如何协调广泛可及的理念与这些——
**English / Original**
This is Yeah, it's just amazing. And so it's been great to be here. Wonderful. So, we're going to go to the students next and we'll open it up live. I I think we have Mukund who's going to ask the first question. And Mukund is from IIT Delhi. Let's get get started with Mukund then. Hi Sam. I'm Mukund from the Department of Mathematics IIT Delhi. I'm in my final year pursuing an integrated master's degree. So, my question is you have talked about intelligence becoming a cheap utility. But we are seeing specialized high reasoning models being heated by premium subscriptions. So, how do you reconcile the concept of broad access with the economic viability of these
## 00:26:50
**中文**
——前沿模型在经济上的可持续性？
**English / Original**
frontier models?
## 00:26:53
**中文**
我认为最令人惊叹的事情——当然，惊叹之处很多，很难说哪一个“最”——其中之一，是在相同智能水平下，AI 成本下降的速度。如果看一个困难的推理问题，对比一年半前与现在通过 OpenAI API 解决它所需的成本，已经下降了大约 1,000 倍。
**English / Original**
I think the most amazing thing Well, there's many amazing things. I can't say the most. One of the amazing things happening is the rate at which AI is getting cheaper at a given level of intelligence. Um we are if you look at a hard reasoning problem, what it would have cost you to solve it using an OpenAI API um a year and a half ago versus now, it's down about a thousand X.
## 00:27:19
**中文**
短短这些个月下降 1,000 倍，极为罕见。我不认为未来 18 个月还能再实现一次 1,000 倍降幅，不过也许可以。但成本仍会显著下降。我们的目标是不懈推动智能成本降低，尽可能接近零。
**English / Original**
A thousand X in these few months is just that doesn't happen very often. Um I don't think we'll be able to sustain another thousand X over the next 18 months, but maybe we will. But there will be a significant decrease in in cost. So our goal here is to relentlessly drive the cost of intelligence down as close to zero as we can.
## 00:27:40
**中文**
然后把它作为一种极低成本的资源提供给全世界。出于许多原因——可及性就是其中之一——这是我们使命的关键部分。由此也会产生很多社会扰动。我们之前谈到丰裕与稀缺：社会已经习惯于把智能视为一种相对稀缺的资源。
**English / Original**
Um and then make that available to the world as a very low-cost asset. Uh and for a bunch of reasons, uh accessibility being one of them, that's that's a critical part of our mission. Um there are going to be a bunch of societal disruptions around that. Like part of society has maybe We talked earlier about this issue of um abundance versus scarcity, but society has been used to intelligence being a a relatively scarce resource.
## 00:28:12
**中文**
在物理世界中促成事情的能力也是如此，比如能源、机器人等。如果这一切都发生变化，我认为社会尚未形成共识：未来事物将如何运作，自然边界会在哪里。但我确实认为，智能成本会不断下降；对于赋能全世界而言，这一点非常重要。
**English / Original**
Um also the ability to make things happen in physical world, energy, robotics, whatever. If all of that changes, I don't think society yet has a consensus on how things are going to work and where the the limits, the natural limits are going to be. But I do think the cost of intelligence is going to trend down and down and in terms of empowering the entire world, that's very important.
## 00:28:35
**中文**
下一位是同样来自 IIT Delhi 的 Tejas。校长刚才也谈到了一些安全问题；Tejas，我想你的问题正与此相关，请提问。——Sam 你好，我是 Tejas Raj Mangla，目前是 IIT Delhi 计算力学专业本科最后一年学生。
**English / Original**
Uh we'll go to uh Tejas next, who's also from IIT Delhi. And I know the director also spoke a little bit about safety, and I think Tejas, your question is related to that. So go ahead, please. >> Yeah, hi Sam. I'm Tejas Raj Mangla. I'm currently a final year student here at IIT Delhi. I'm pursuing my bachelor's in computational mechanics.
## 00:28:54
**中文**
我的问题是：面对最近出现的提示词注入等问题，我们如何既保障 AI 安全，又不阻碍创新？——我认为这里有三个方面。第一，我们必须弄清楚如何在技术上实现 AI 对齐。我们取得的进展比我原先预想的更好，但还有工作要做。当系统真正比我们聪明得多时，如何监督它们需要新的理念。当 AI 编写大量源代码、开展大量研究，而我们无法全部审查时，许多过去仿佛科幻小说的事情——
**English / Original**
Uh my question for you is, how do we keep AI safe without blocking innovation from things like prompt injection that are happening recently? I I think there's three things here. Um one, we have to figure out how to technically align AI. Um we have made better progress there than I thought we might have, but there's still things to do. As we get to these systems that are truly much smarter than we are, how we supervise those systems requires new ideas. As we get to a world where AI is writing so much source code and doing so much research we can't review all of it. There's a bunch of things that used to feel like sci-fi
## 00:29:35
**中文**
——如今已明确成为必须应对的对齐挑战。我们和其他实验室都已研究多年。总体上，对齐比我担心的容易，但显然尚未完成。所以第一类工作，是围绕对齐开展技术安全研究。第二，需要建立一整套新型安全基础设施。你提到提示词注入，我认为这就是很好的例子。
**English / Original**
that are now clear alignment challenges that we have to that we have to address. Um we've been doing work here for a while. Other labs have been doing work here for a while. On the whole, alignment has looked easier than I feared, but we're clearly not done. So, bucket one is technical safety work around alignment. Two is there's a whole new kind of security infrastructure that needs to get built. You mentioned prompt injection, I think that's a great example.
## 00:30:04
**中文**
OpenClaw 很了不起，Codex 也很了不起。我原以为自己会非常克制，绝不让它们以 root 权限在电脑上运行，因为那看起来实在太疯狂了。但我只坚持了大约两个小时，随后就想：“唉，每件事都要批准实在烦人。它太方便了，我想直接放手让它跑。”如果连我都愿意这么做，许多其他人也会愿意。
**English / Original**
Open Claw is an amazing thing. Codex is an amazing thing. I thought that I was going to be a very disciplined person and not let them run on my computer with root access uh cuz I thought that was an insane thing to do. And that lasted about 2 hours. And then I was like, "Ugh, it's really annoying to approve everything. It's so convenient. I want to just I'm going to just like let it rip." And if I'm willing to do that, a lot of other people will be willing to do that, too.
## 00:30:28
**中文**
我本应是这方面比较保守的人之一。因此，我们需要开发一种不同于模型技术对齐的新型安全架构，让人们使用这些智能体时不至于发生荒唐的事情。某个程序能在你的电脑上运行，了解你生活的一切、记录屏幕、替你使用网络等等，确实很棒；但如果它开始随机把你的秘密告诉不该知道的人，那就远没那么棒了。
**English / Original**
I should be one of the more conservative ones there. So, I think we need to develop a new kind of security architecture different from the model technical alignment to let people be able to use these agents without insane things happening. Like it is awesome that you can run something on your computer and it can get to know everything about your life and record your screen and use the web for you and everything else. Um it will be significantly less awesome if it starts like randomly telling your secrets to people it shouldn't.
## 00:30:58
**中文**
第三，也是最重要的一点：你提到不能阻碍创新，我非常赞同。以下是两种略显夸张的概括，因为每个人多少都处于中间地带。目前世界面前似乎有两条路：一条是接受某家 AI 公司、某个国家或某个模型对全世界实行事实上的极权控制，以确保完全没有安全问题——用一个 AI 统治所有人；长期以来，有人一直抱持这种愿景。另一条路是彻底普及访问，让每个人都拥有强大 AI；我们相信，100 个人里即使有一个人可能作恶，另外 99 个善良的人也会——
**English / Original**
Um and then third and most important, you mentioned not blocking innovation. I super agree. Uh the the kind of like these are caricatures because everybody is a little bit in the middle, but the kind of the two paths the world is looking at right now is either we accept, you know, an AI company or country or model having sort of effective totalitarian control over the world for no safety problems at all. You have one AI to rule them all. This has been people's vision over time. Um the other is that we super democratize access and we put powerful AI in everyone's hands and we trust that if you, you know, out of 100 people 99 are going to be good, but one person might be bad. The good
## 00:31:41
**中文**
——阻止坏人。在那样的世界里，确实会有事情出错，人们肯定会以较小、甚至可能很大的方式滥用 AI。但世界长期以来已经证明：只要大多数人基本是善良的，只要没有巨大的权力失衡，好人就能阻止坏人，我们便能走向 AI 民主化的世界。
**English / Original**
people will stop the bad. Some things are going to go wrong in that world. People are for sure going to misuse AI uh in small and probably in big ways. Um but for a long time the world I think has shown that if people are basically most people are good and the good people stop the bad people as long as there's not a huge power imbalance, we can get to a world where we democratize AI.
## 00:32:03
**中文**
每个人的能力都会得到提升，从而遏制新出现的强大恶势力。长久以来，社会就是这样运作的。这个过程会很混乱，也会出问题；但我认为，赋能每个人、广泛分配权力，是最优、最公平、也最安全的前进道路。我们称之为“韧性”。除了 AI 对齐和安全，还有这个较新的韧性理念：OpenAI 仅仅宣称阻止自己的模型告诉人们如何制造病原体，已经不再奏效，因为某个开源模型可能会帮助坏人制造病原体；我们必须让整个社会——
**English / Original**
Everybody lifts up and that kind of keeps the new powerful bad forces in check. This is the story of of society for a long time. It will be messy. Things will go wrong. Um but I think empowering everyone and having a wide distribution of power is the best, fairest, and safest path forward. We call this resilience. So instead of just there's AI alignment, there's security, and then there's this newer idea of resilience where I think it no longer works for open AI to just say we will block our models from telling people how to make a pathogen because some open source model is going to help us some bad guy make a pathogen and we have to have society
## 00:32:44
**中文**
——做好防御准备，例如快速响应疫苗、阻断呼吸道传播的新方法等。大致就是这样。——下一个问题来自 Yash，他今天不在，我替他念出来。听说 ChatGPT 学习模式背后的许多研究去年是在印度完成的。
**English / Original**
ready to defend against that with rapid response vaccines, sort of new ways to block respiratory transmission, whatever else. Um yeah, that's what I would say. So, the next question is from Yash and he's not here, so I'll read it out on his behalf. Um I read that uh a lot of research behind study mode in ChatGPT happened in India last year.
## 00:33:05
**中文**
如果 OpenAI 要专门为印度打造产品——并非把现有产品本地化，而是从一开始就为印度设计——你希望它解决什么问题？我更希望由你们中的某个人找出答案。未来发生在 OpenAI 外部的创新会远多于内部。我们的战略是构建核心模型和基本使用方式——ChatGPT、API、Codex 等智能体以及通用智能体——并真正赋能其他所有人进行建设。我从 OpenAI 学到的一件事是，世界上大多数创新都来自初创企业，而我们希望赋能它们。
**English / Original**
And so, if OpenAI were to build a product specifically for India, not adapted but designed for India first, what problem would you want to it to solve? I would rather one of you figure out the answer to that. Um we way more innovation is going to happen outside of OpenAI than inside of OpenAI and our strategy is to build the core model and the basic way to use it, ChatGPT, the API, agents like Codex and the general agent, and really empower everybody else to build it. Um one of my learnings from OpenAI is that most innovation in the world uh comes from startups and we want to empower them.
## 00:33:46
**中文**
很好。下面稍微换个方向，谈一个健康相关问题。问题来自 AIIMS 的 Avneesh，你已经拿到麦克风了，请讲。——大家好，我叫 Avneesh，是 New Delhi AIIMS 三年级医学生。我的问题与 ChatGPT Health 有关。
**English / Original**
Wonderful. Um I think we're going to shift gears a little bit to a health-related question, which is uh going to come from Avneesh from AIIMS and you have the microphone. Yeah, go ahead, Avneesh. Hello, uh my name is Avneesh. I'm a third-year medical student at AIIMS, uh New Delhi. And uh my question is about uh ChatGPT health.
## 00:34:07
**中文**
我们知道 ChatGPT Health 可以连接 Apple Health 和医疗记录，但在印度，大多数人两者都没有，基本只有一部手机。我的问题是：在印度这样的国家，你会如何重新构想健康 AI？——我非常喜欢用 ChatGPT 处理健康问题，但我没有连接任何平台。
**English / Original**
So, uh we know that ChatGPT health connects to Apple Health and medical records, but uh in India, people uh most people have neither. They have uh mostly just a phone. So, my question is uh how would you rethink uh health AI in a country like India? I love using ChatGPT for health. I don't have it connected to anything.
## 00:34:31
**中文**
我会输入很多记录。每次拿到验血报告之类的材料，我都会上传；每次出现症状，也会把它输入进去。即使没有医疗记录，它也非常好用。我们很愿意连接任何在印度成为重要平台的平台。ChatGPT 中有很大一部分使用量来自健康相关查询；即使完全没有连接器，我们也一直努力让它表现得非常好。
**English / Original**
I type in lots of notes Every time I get like a blood test or something, I upload it. If every time I have symptoms, I type it in. It works really well without medical records. Um we'd love to connect to any platforms that emerge in India as important platforms. But one of a huge volume of ChatGPT is health-related queries. And with no connectors at all, we've worked to make it very good.
## 00:34:56
**中文**
我想你会喜欢下一个问题，提问者是 IIT Delhi 的 Vijay。Vijay，你拿到麦克风了。——Sam 你好，我是 Vijay，IIT Delhi 计算机科学系三年级学生。我想知道，IIT 本科生怎样才能直接加入 OpenAI？OpenAI 印度办公室当前及未来的目标又是什么？
**English / Original**
Um I think you'll like the next question, uh which is going to come from Vijay, uh who's from IIT Delhi. Uh Vijay, you have the microphone. Uh hi, Sam. Uh I'm Vijay. Uh I'm a third-year student at IIT Delhi in a computer science department. So, I would like to know um how would IIT undergrads be able to join OpenAI directly? And what are the current and future objectives of OpenAI's office in India?
## 00:35:19
**中文**
我们非常欢迎你加入 OpenAI，无论是在印度办公室还是美国办公室。接下来几年将是 AI 发展至今最激动人心的时期。我希望 OpenAI 有许多很酷的地方，但最酷的一点是：你能比其他所有人提前大约六个月看到未来、使用工具，而这在开发过程中所带来的工作机会非常棒。所以我们很期待收到你的申请。顺便说，你们可以问更难、更有争议的问题，我不会介意，尽管问。
**English / Original**
Uh we would love for you to join OpenAI. Um we would love for you to join OpenAI join OpenAI either in our office in India or in the US. I think these next couple of years are going to be the most exciting years yet in the development of AI. Um and the coolest well, I hopefully there's a lot of cool parts about being at OpenAI, but I think the coolest part is you get to see the future and use the tools like 6 months before everybody else. And the work that that enables in the development process is awesome. So, we would love to hear from you. By the way, you can ask me like harder or more controversial questions. I won't be offended. Like go for it.
## 00:36:02
**中文**
我喜欢这类问题。你们可能也看到，我们在 Delhi 设有办公室，刚刚还宣布将在 Bangalore 和 Mumbai 开设办公室。团队正在迅速扩大，因此很愿意围绕这些问题继续交流。接下来请 Amity University 的 Sehaj——抱歉，是 Sahai。你已经拿到麦克风。——Sam 你好，我是 Sehaj。
**English / Original**
I like those. And I think you might have seen uh you know, we have an office in Delhi. We've just announced offices in Bangalore and Mumbai as well. So, the team is growing rapidly. So, would love to engage on this conversation. Um Okay, we're going to go to Sehaj next. Uh Sahai, sorry. Um who's from Amity University. And you have the microphone. Hi, Sam. I'm Sehaj.
## 00:36:25
**中文**
我来自 Amity University，是人工智能专业三年级学生。我的问题是：在今天的市场上，18 岁年轻人需要和 AI 竞争工作机会，我们人类拥有什么不公平优势？——很多。如今观察最优秀的人与 AI 协作，实在令人惊叹，与一年前完全不同。你会看到他们桌上摆着六台显示器，每台屏幕同时跑三个智能体，一个会话接一个会话地推进。过去需要一大队工程师完成的工作，如今一个人就能做到。当你能把整个问题装进一个人的脑子里——
**English / Original**
I'm from Amity University. I'm a third year student pursuing artificial intelligence in AI in Amity University. So my question is in today's market where 18 year year olds are competing for jobs with AI, what unfair advantage do we humans have? A lot. Uh watching the very best people now work with AI is really incredible and so different than a year ago. But you watch these people that have like six monitors on their desk, three agents per monitor like going session by session. One person can do what a team of um a lot of engineers used to take to do. And when you can keep a whole problem in one human head and
## 00:37:07
**中文**
——并管理一群智能体时，就能以前所未有的速度和质量把想法变成现实。至少目前仍有一件事人类极其擅长、AI 却非常糟糕——未来这也许会改变——那就是思考一个系统、产品等事物的高层战略。因此，熟练使用 AI 的人不仅相对 AI 拥有巨大优势，相对不使用 AI 的其他人也有巨大优势。至于长期未来这种优势究竟是什么，我不完全清楚；但我们似乎天生非常在乎其他人，却很少在乎机器。
**English / Original**
manage a bunch of agents, you are able to bring things to life at a speed and quality level you just couldn't do before. Um and there is still, this may change something in the future, but there's still something that humans are so good at that AI is so bad at about thinking through the sort of like high-level strategy of a system or a product or whatever. Um that people who are proficient at using AI have a huge advantage uh not just over AI but over other people who are not doing that. Uh in the long-term future, I don't know exactly what the advantage will look like will be, but um we seem so wired to care about other people and care so little about machines.
## 00:37:49
**中文**
我感觉，这一点会成为最终答案的一部分。——下一个问题与总理昨天说的话有些关联。他说世界上有两类人：一类害怕 AI，另一类则对 AI 能带来的未来非常兴奋。下一个问题涉及经常被问到的就业问题，来自 Guru Dhanush，请提问。
**English / Original**
Uh that somehow that feels like it's going to be part of whatever the answer is. So the next question is a little linked to what the Prime Minister said yesterday as well. And you know, he said there are two kinds of people in the world, one who think that AI is fearful, the others who are really, you know, excited about the future of what AI can bring. And I think the next question is a little bit about jobs and you know, that comes up often, of course, uh which is from uh Guru Dhanush. So go ahead, please.
## 00:38:22
**中文**
先生您好，我叫 Gurudhanush，是数学与计算专业 B.Tech 二年级学生。我的问题是：对于担心未来五年内工作会过时的劳动者，你想说什么？他们现在应重点培养哪些技能？——如果有人说自己对 AI 只有兴奋，或只有恐惧，我认为这都不够深思熟虑。我不觉得这里只有两个阵营，而是一条连续谱：有人 90% 兴奋、10% 害怕，也有人 90% 害怕、10% 兴奋。但面对一场规模如此巨大、速度如此之快，同时有这么多未知、希望和显而易见危险的变化，你必然——
**English / Original**
Hi, sir. My name is Gurudhanush. I am a second year B.Tech student in Mathematics and Computing. My question is, what do you say to the workers who fear that their jobs will be outdated in next 5 years? And what skills should they be focusing on now? Anyone who says they're only excited or only fearful about AI is, I think, not being very thoughtful. I don't think it's two camps. I think there's a continuum of people based on whether you're 90% excited and 10% fearful or 90% fearful and 10% excited. But, as with any change of this magnitude happening this quickly, um and with this much unknown, this much promise, this much obvious peril, um it's it you have
## 00:39:04
**中文**
——处于这条谱线上的某个位置，不可能在任何一个绝对端点。就业影响是其中很大一部分。和许多其他 AI 话题一样，我要先作一个重要限定：没有人真正知道答案，包括我们；会出现许多意外。有些工作会彻底消失。许多工作受到的改变却不会像看起来那么大，因为我们希望由另一个人来做；例如，即使知道 AI 能给出更好的建议，我们仍然希望一位人类医生亲口告诉我们，其他许多情况也是如此。
**English / Original**
to be somewhere on that spectrum. You can't It can't be sort of at at either end. Um a big part of that is what the impact on jobs is going to be. And I will caveat this with lots of other things by AI, but saying that no one really knows, including us. There will be many surprises. Um some jobs will totally go away. Many jobs will not change as much as it seems like they should with AI because we have, you know, we want someone else to be doing that. We still go want a human doctor to tell us things even if they we know the AI gives better advice or any many other set of
## 00:39:45
**中文**
又例如，创业者仍会创办公司，只不过公司增长更快、做得更多，也会对现有岗位形成更大冲击。最重要的是，历史上每次发生重大技术转型时，我们都低估了新工作出现得有多快，以及它们与过去会有多么不同。
**English / Original**
examples. Uh or you know, entrepreneurs will still start companies. They'll just grow faster and they'll do more and they'll be more disruptive to existing jobs. And then, most of all, every time in history that there's been a major technological shift, we have underestimated how quickly the new jobs are going to come and how different they were going to be.
## 00:40:08
**中文**
例如，在计算机发明之前，人们很难想象我的工作；在工业革命之前，更不可能想象它。今天有许多非常好的工作，甚至在 20 年前都还不是一种职业类别。假如一个生活在 500 年前的人看到当今世界的工作，大体而言，他会对许多工作——当然也包括我的工作——说：“这根本不算真正的工作。”
**English / Original**
It'd be very hard to think about my job, for example, before computers were invented. Um and impossible to think about my job before say the Industrial Revolution. Um, there are jobs now that are incredibly good jobs that didn't exist as a category 20 years ago even. I- if someone from 500 years ago could look at the jobs of the world today, um, generally speaking, they would say about many of the jobs, um, certainly my job, you know, that's not a real job.
## 00:40:43
**中文**
“你过得很好，根本不必工作。你有充足的食物，也有很好的住所。这不是他们能想象的职业，看起来也不像真正的劳动。”我希望 100 年后——甚至不必等 500 年——我们回看那时的工作都会说：“那些人富裕得难以想象，已经拥有想要的一切。”
**English / Original**
You're doing fine. You could you don't have to be working. You're like you've got plenty of food. You've got access to great shelter. Like this is this is not a job they could have imagined and it wouldn't look like real work. I hope 100 years from now, not even 500, we would all look at the jobs and be like, those people are impossibly rich. They have everything they could ever want.
## 00:41:04
**中文**
“他们只是在编造各种消磨时间、自我娱乐的方式，生活就像玩游戏，根本不真正需要这些工作。”从某种意义上说，这就是社会不断为彼此积累更多共同福祉的历史，我认为这很好。但我们从来不会无事可做。几个世纪以来，人们不断推测技术会发展到让我们只需坐着、什么也不做，但这种情况从未出现。我们会找到新的事情、新的方式来表达创造力，找到服务彼此的新方式，也会找到新的方式来获得地位或其他东西。
**English / Original**
They are making up ways to spend their time to entertain themselves. It's a, you know, it's a player of game style existence. They don't really need this. Um, and that is sort of the history of society building up more collective welfare for each other. Uh, and I think that's great, but we never run out of things to do. We have never gotten to the sort of like thing that people have theorized for for centuries now, which is technology is going to progress so much that we just sit around and do nothing. We find new things to do. We find new ways to express our creativity. Um, we find new ways to be useful to each other. We find new ways to y- you know, gain status or whatever
## 00:41:44
**中文**
在座许多人最终会从事今天甚至在概念上都不存在的工作。这并不意味着转型不会痛苦；我预计许多人会经历非常痛苦的过程。随着社会迅速变得富裕，我希望我们能找到新的社会经济模式来减轻痛苦。但我对长期未来没有那么担忧，也认为我们不用太久就会找到新的事情去做。
**English / Original**
whatever it is. Uh, many of you will eventually do jobs that don't exist today, even really as a concept. It doesn't mean that the transition is not painful. I expect for many people it will be very painful. Um, as society gets richer quickly, I hope we find new socio-economic models to make it less painful. But I'm less worried about the long-term future and I think we'll find new things to do in in not very long.
## 00:42:14
**中文**
昨天我们宣布与 Tata Group 建立合作伙伴关系，涉及算力、数据中心等。下一个问题与此有些关联，来自 IIT Delhi 的 Kaustub，请讲。——Sam 你好，我叫 Kaustub，是 IIT Delhi 人工智能学院的博士二年级学生。
**English / Original**
So, we've announced a partnership with the Tata Group yesterday, and you know, it's about compute, it's about data centers, and so on. And I think the next question relates to that a little bit, uh and which is from Kaustub from IIT Delhi. Uh go ahead, Kaustub. Hi, Sam. My name is Kaustub. I'm a second-year PhD student here at the School of AI, IIT Delhi.
## 00:42:33
**中文**
我想问，OpenAI 正采取哪些措施，为世界建设绿色 AI 解决方案？——建设什么解决方案？——绿色 AI。——绿色？绿色，绿色。——哦，我认为世界距离聚变能，以及真正可靠的太阳能、风能与储能组合，只剩几年。我还认为，它们将成为全球成本最低的能源来源。
**English / Original**
I wanted to ask a question about what are the steps that OpenAI is taking towards building green AI solutions for the world? Building what solutions? Green AI solutions. >> Green? Green, green. >> Green, green. Oh, uh I think the world is only a few years away from fusion and really reliable solar wind plus storage. And I further think that those will become uh the cheapest source of energy in the world.
## 00:43:04
**中文**
到那时，经济规律会发挥作用，不仅 AI，其他所有领域都会采用新型能源。这出于许多原因都很重要，但其中一点较少被讨论：如果我们能像推动智能极大丰裕一样，推动能源极大丰裕，我认为这会在很大程度上改善世界各地人们的生活。显然，我们从环境角度关心这个问题，并致力于这样做；从一种对世界的责任出发，我们也非常希望让能源变得丰裕。
**English / Original**
And when that happens, the economy will do its thing, and not just AI, but everybody else will use new forms of energy. Um the This is important for a ton of reasons, uh but one that gets talked about less is as part of this, if we can drive massive abundance of energy, um in the same way with that we can drive abundance of intelligence, I think that will do a huge amount to elevate people around the world. Um so, obviously we care about it environmentally, uh and are committed to do that. We really care about it from a sort of duty to the world to make energy abundant and perspective.
## 00:43:45
**中文**
下面再换一个方向。刚才说过，现场也有创意产业的学生。下一个问题与此有关，似乎来自 Parisha。你拿到麦克风了，请讲。——Sam 你好，我是 Pearl Academy 的 Parisha，学习室内与空间设计。我的问题是：AI 已经成为能生成图像、空间乃至完整概念的工具，设计师如何确保自己的作品仍然体现——
**English / Original**
Uh we're going to go uh change gears a little bit, and uh I was saying earlier we have uh students from creative uh industries as well. Um so, the next question uh is around that, and I think it's from Parisha. Uh if you have the microphone, go ahead, please. Uh hi, Sam. I'm Parisha from Pearl Academy. I'm pursuing interior and design. So, my question is uh like AI became the tool that that can generate images, space, and create entire concept. How designer can ensure and uh ensure their work still reflect the
## 00:44:25
**中文**
——人的情感、文化身份和原创性，而不是被机器过度主导？——问得很好。我以前对此更担忧；当模型几乎能创造任何东西时，我并不完全确定事情会怎样发展。但观察实际情况，并与创作者交流后发现——并非所有人，但大体上——人们会说：“这是创作流程中有史以来最好的工具。”他们可以探索构想，让机器帮助搜索可能性空间，再在每一个层次上选择想走的方向。
**English / Original**
human emotions, cultural identity, and originality uh rather than becoming too machine-driven? Great question. Um I used to be more worried about this and you know, I I wasn't sure totally how it was going to go when models could sort of create anything. Watching what's happened in practice though and talking to creators uh not everyone, but generally speaking, people say, "This is the best thing ever to happen as a tool in their creative process." If they can explore ideas and have a machine help them search the space and then pick at each layer which direction they want to go.
## 00:45:07
**中文**
如果我们能让创意构思循环越来越快，让从产生想法、看到结果，再由结果催生新想法的时间不断缩短，就会非常有价值。无论是视觉艺术家，还是视频或音乐创作者，他们和我一样，都非常在乎作品中保留人的精神、人的方向与人的印记。但他们都认为，自己能够创造出比以往更好的作品。另一个令人乐观的理由，也回到先前一点：人类天生非常在乎其他人。
**English / Original**
Um and if we can make their creative ideation loop faster and faster and faster, where the time from idea to then seeing the results and then coming up with a new idea from that gets shorter and shorter. And talking to creators, whether they're visual artists or people making videos or music, um they all care a lot, as do I, that the human spirit and the human direction and the human imprint is in this. But they all think they'll be able to create much better stuff than ever before. Another thing for optimism back on this earlier point about people really are very hardwired to care about other people.
## 00:45:44
**中文**
我们看到一种在我看来可以预料、但仍令一些人意外的结果：如果你给某人看一幅图，说“我要把这件艺术品卖给你，它是 AI 制作的”，哪怕它很美，只要对方知道是 AI 制作的，人们赋予它的价值实际上会约等于零。如果它由人创作，即使使用了 AI 工具，背后仍有一个你能产生连接的人；这个人有自己的故事，投入了创造性能量，也有想要表达的东西，只是 AI 在创作过程中提供了帮助，那么它就价值很高。但如果没有一个人相当于在上面签名并说“这是我的作品”，我们似乎就不会在乎。
**English / Original**
We are seeing a I think predictable, but still surprising to some people result, which is if you show someone an image, if you say, "I'll I'll sell you this piece of art and then AI made it." And it's beautiful, but you know, an AI made it, the the value that people put on that effectively rounds to zero. Um if a human made it, even with AI tools, then it's you know, someone who you can connect to and has a story and put their creative energy into it and had something they were trying to express, uh but AI helped them in their creative process, it's worth a lot. But without the person like effectively signing their name to it and saying like this is my thing, we seem to not care.
## 00:46:25
**中文**
我认为，这是人类创作者未来前景的另一个非常积极的信号。我知道你今天稍晚还会与 Karan Johar 对谈，这个话题可能会进一步展开。他是一位非常受欢迎的电影导演，所以这场讨论应该还会继续。
**English / Original**
And I think that's another very positive sign for what it's going to be like for human creators. And I know you'll have a discussion with Karan Johar later today, so some of this will come up a little bit more as well. Uh and he's very popular movie director, as you know, so I know this is going to be a conversation uh further up as well.
## 00:46:43
**中文**
我有点注意到时间可能快到了。我们再回答两个问题，然后如果 Sam 愿意，我想在最后做一个快问快答。下一位好像是 Paridhi。Paridhi，你有麦克风了，请讲。——Sam 你好，我是 Amity University 的 Paridhi，目前是人工智能专业三年级学生。
**English / Original**
Uh I'm a little conscious we're uh maybe coming up a little bit on time. I'll take two more questions, and then I want to do a little bit of rapid fire at the end as well, Sam, if you're open to that. Um I think we have Paridhi next. Uh Paridhi, if you have the microphone, yeah, go ahead. >> Hi, Sam. I'm Paridhi from Amity University. I'm currently in third year of my uh artificial intelligence degree.
## 00:47:05
**中文**
我的问题是，最近大家非常担心服务器冷却用水会导致水资源短缺。OpenAI 正在采取什么措施，帮助公众消除这些担忧？——能源问题以及转向绿色能源的必要性，我认为确实是真实存在的。随着 AI 大规模发展，这可能成为一个重大问题。
**English / Original**
My question to you is that uh recently there have been a lot of concerns regarding the use of water in cooling down the servers, and that it's leading to water scarcity. So, what is OpenAI doing to, you know, uh help people help people dismiss the these concerns? So, the the energy concern and the need to move to green energy, I think is very real. Uh that that's something that at scale AIs developing can be a a significant issue.
## 00:47:36
**中文**
但我认为，用水担忧已经不再符合现实。数据中心曾经有一段时间使用蒸发式冷却，但如今已经很少这样做。当然，制造半导体会消耗一定水资源；不过就 AI 数据中心而言，它们并不是重要的用水者。
**English / Original**
The water concern, I think is no longer real. Uh there was a time when data centers were you using evaporative cooling. Um that is not something that people are doing much anymore. Um the There is, you know, obviously some water consumption in producing semiconductors, but if you look at AI data centers, they are not significant consumers of water.
## 00:47:58
**中文**
这已经成为一个传播力异常顽强的说法，我不完全明白原因。有人会说：“我不用 ChatGPT，因为每问一个问题就要消耗 7 加仑水之类的。”这完全不是真的。我们努力解释过，但无论出于什么原因，这个说法一直挥之不去。不过，我认为关注能源问题确实有道理。
**English / Original**
This has been an incredibly sticky meme. I don't totally understand why. You know, there's people who say, "Well, I don't use ChatGPT cuz each time you ask it a question, it uses up 7 gallons of water or whatever." It's totally not true. We tried to explain it's not true. It's been very sticky for whatever reason. Um but I think the focus on energy does make sense.
## 00:48:18
**中文**
好的，我知道还有很多问题，但时间快到了。Ocean，最后请你提问。——Sam 你好，我叫 Ocean Adarwal，是这里交通研究与伤害预防中心的博士研究员。我的问题是：当年轻人准备迎接 AI 时，你看到他们目前所犯的最大错误是什么？
**English / Original**
All right. I I know we have a lot more questions, uh but I'm I'm conscious we're coming up on time. So, Ocean will come to you and uh please go ahead and ask your question. >> Yeah, hi Sam. My name is Ocean Adarwal. I'm a PhD scholar at the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Center here. So, my question is, what is the biggest mistake you see young people make right now when they apparently prepare for AI?
## 00:48:40
**中文**
这个问题我来回答。希望这场演讲没有被录下来。我认为，年轻人最大的错误就是听老年人的话。你们的父母显然比任何人都更爱你，也完全出于善意。关于怎样过上幸福生活、怎样成为一个好人，没有谁比父母更值得你听取意见。
**English / Original**
Man, I'm going to answer this. I hope this talk is not recorded. Uh I think listening to old people is the biggest mistake young people make. I I think your your parents, obviously, love you more than anyone. They're extremely well-meaning. Um for advice about how to live a happy life or how to be a a good person, there is no one you should listen to more than your parents.
## 00:49:08
**中文**
但要预测未来世界会是什么样，我甚至认为你们不该相信我对变化速度有很好的直觉。年轻人总是最能理解这些事情。你们将要继承的世界会非常不同；你们必须迅速形成自己的直觉，并相信它。
**English / Original**
Um but for a predictor of what the world is going to be like going forward, um I don't even think you should trust me for having a good intuition of the rate of change. Um it young people always figure this out the best. And the world you are all inheriting is going to be very different. And you'll have to quickly develop your own intuitions and trust them.
## 00:49:34
**中文**
我认为，传统的职业建议可能不会像过去那样有效。——太好了，谢谢你回答这些问题。下面进行简短的快问快答。你可以用一个词或一句话回答，但要尽量保持简短。我有四五个问题。第一个：下一家万亿美元 AI 公司会来自印度吗？
**English / Original**
Um but I think the traditional career advice is probably not going to work as well. Wonderful. Thank you for taking all those questions. Uh let's do a quick rapid fire. And you can choose to answer with one word or one sentence, but that's what you need to kind of keep to. Um and I have like four five questions. Uh, the first one, so will the next trillion dollar AI company come from India?
## 00:49:59
**中文**
——希望如此。［笑声］——很好。最被高估的 AI 恐惧是什么？——比如杀手机器人走上街头。——最被低估的机会？——零人公司。——未来五年变化更大的是教育还是医疗？——教育。最后，每位 IIT……我收回刚才的回答，是医疗；不过二者非常接近。好的，最后一个问题：每位 IIT 学生今年都应该培养哪一项能力？
**English / Original**
I hope so. >> [laughter] >> Nice. Most overrated fear about AI? Like killer robots in the streets. Most underrated opportunity? Zero person companies. Bigger change in five years, education or healthcare? Education. And last, one skill every IIT I'll take it back, healthcare. But it's close though. Okay. Last question, one skill every IIT student should build this year.
## 00:50:39
**中文**
——韧性。——韧性。太好了，谢谢大家。谢谢。非常感谢你与我们的学生交流。对我们所有人而言，这确实是一个非常难忘的夜晚。为了让你离开学院后也能记得我们，我们想赠送一份小小的纪念品。为此，我想再次邀请 Vinod Khosla 先生和校长上台，向嘉宾赠礼。
**English / Original**
Resilience. Resilience. Wonderful. Thank you all. Thank you. Thank you so much for interacting with our students and this has indeed been a very memorable evening for all of us. And in order to ensure that you also remember us once you go out of this institute, we'd like to present a small token of gratitude. For that, I'd like to call Mr. Vinod Khosla sir back on stage and also the director to present uh our guests.
## 00:51:53
**中文**
——既然你送了我一顶棒球帽，我想最后说一句，谢谢。我认为未来四年左右，这顶棒球帽就能读取我的思想，并直接输入计算机。我们可能成功，也可能失败，但正在努力。四年。现在想请 Sam 与全场观众自拍，记录这一刻。为此，我想邀请负责学术拓展与新计划的副院长 Shilpi Sharma 教授，以及 Deepak Jain 教授上台。
**English / Original**
>> I I want to finish given you gave me a baseball cap. Thank you with one comment. I think in the next few four years this baseball cap will read my mind and input directly into computers. We may succeed or fail at that. But we are trying. Uh four years. I'd like I'd like to request Sam now to capture this moment with the audience with a selfie. I'd like to call upon the stage the associate dean of academic outreach and new initiatives Professor Shilpi Sharma and Professor Deepak Jain for this.
## 00:52:31
**中文**
所以我们现在要自拍，对吧？和所有人一起。
**English / Original**
So we're doing a selfie, right? With with everybody.